Puerto Rico and U.S. Presidential Elections

Puerto Rico and U.S. Presidential Elections Voters in Puerto Rico and different U.S. domains are not allowed to cast a ballot in the presidential political decision under the arrangements set out in the Electoral College. In any case, they do have a state in who gets to the White House. That is on the grounds that voters in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa are allowed to take an interest in the presidential essential and are conceded delegates by the two significant ideological groups. As such, Puerto Rico and the different U.S. domains get the opportunity to help assign the presidential up-and-comers. In any case, voters there can't really take an interest in the political decision itself due to the Electoral College framework. Could Puerto Ricans Vote? Why cannot voters in Puerto Rico and the different U.S. domains help choose the President of the United States? Article II, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution clarifies that no one but states can take an interest in the constituent procedure. Each State will choose, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may immediate, a Number of Electors, equivalent to the entire Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State might be entitled in the Congress, the U.S. Constitution peruses. The Office of the Federal Register, which administers the Electoral College, expresses: The Electoral College framework doesn't accommodate inhabitants of U.S. Domains (Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Northern Mariana Islands, American Samoa, and the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands) to decide in favor of President. The main path residents of the U.S. domains can take an interest in the presidential races is on the off chance that they have official residency in the United States and vote by non-attendant voting form or travel to their state to cast a ballot. This â€Å"disenfranchisement† or disavowal of the option to cast a ballot in national races - including presidential races - likewise applies to U.S. residents dwelling in Puerto Rico or any of the different U.S. unincorporated domains. In spite of the fact that the boards of trustees of both the Republican party and Democratic gathering in Puerto Rico select democratic agents to the parties’ national presidential assigning shows and state presidential primaries or councils, U.S. residents living in Puerto Rico or different regions can't cast a ballot in government races except if they likewise keep up a lawful democratic living arrangement in one of the 50 states or in the District of Columbia. Puerto Rico and the Primary Despite the fact that voters in Puerto Rico and different U.S. regions cannot cast a ballot in the November political decision, the Democratic and Republican gatherings permit them to choose representatives to speak to them at the naming shows. The national Democratic partys contract, instituted in 1974, states that Puerto Rico will be treated as a state containing the fitting number of Congressional Districts. The Republican party likewise permits voters in Puerto Rico and different U.S. regions to take an interest in the designation procedure. In the 2008 Democratic presidential essential, Puerto Rico had 55 representatives - more than Hawaii, Kentucky, Maine, Mississippi, Montana, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont, Washington, D.C., West Virginia, Wyoming, and a few different states with populaces lesser than the U.S. territorys 4 million. Four Democratic representatives went to Guam, while three went to the Virgin Islands and American Samoa each. In the Republican presidential essential of 2008, Puerto Rico had 20 agents. Guam, American Samoa, and the Virgin Islands each had six. What are the US Territories? A region is a zone ofâ land that is regulated by the United States government yet not authoritatively asserted by any of the 50 states or some other world country. Most rely upon the United States for resistance and financial help. Puerto Rico, for instance, is a ward - a self-represented, a unincorporated area of the United States. Its occupants are liable to U.S. laws and pay personal assessments to the U.S. government. The United States right now has 16 domains, of which just five are forever possessed: Puerto Rico, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and American Samoa. Delegated unincorporated regions, they are composed, self-overseeing regions with governors and regional assemblies chose by the individuals. Every one of the five for all time possessed regions may likewise choose a non-casting a ballot â€Å"delegate† or â€Å"resident commissioner† to the U.S. Place of Representatives. The regional occupant chiefs or representatives work similarly as individuals from Congress from the 50 states, with the exception of they are not permitted to decide on the last attitude of enactment on the House floor. Be that as it may, they are permitted to serve on congressional boards and get a similar yearly pay as other typical individuals from Congress. Sources Much of the time Asked Questions. U.S. Discretionary College, Office of the Federal Register, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C. Segment 1. Article II, Executive Branch, Constitution Center. The Democratic National Committee. The Charter the Bylaws of the Democratic Party of the United States. DNC Services Corporation, August 25, 2018.

Cystic Fibrosis Essay Sample free essay sample

Cystic fibrosis is a familial cistron brought about by a broken cistron. which influences tissues that produce mucose secernments. Cystic fibrosis influences assortment meats like the lungs. the GI real estate parcel. the pancreas and the liver. Cystic fibrosis can other than sway the sweat secretory organs and the male generative framework. In cystic fibrosis. exocrine secretory organs make middle. gluey mucous discharge. Exocrine organs for the most part slim elusive secernments like sweat. mucous emission. cryings. spit and stomach related juices. The mucous emission plugs are most habitually in the lungs and insides and can do tasks with outer breath and processing. Cystic fibrosis does non sway the hormone organs in light of the fact that the hormone organs produce endocrines that go in the blood. A great many people believe that cystic fibrosis is infectious however it is non infectious. They state it is infectious in light of the fact that you hack a clump yet it is something you are brought into the world with. Cystic fibrosis is one of the most well-known familial bombshells in Caucasians. This infection is happens in one of each 3200 unrecorded Caucasians births. Each child brought into the world with cystic fibrosis was brought into the world with it since it is a familial infection begun at develop. The age where imprints and side effects start fluctuates dependent on the person. In certain children the lungs are debilitated in others the stomach related framework is influenced. Idea is the point at which the father’s sperm and the mother’s egg joins. Both the egg and the sperm have 1000s of cistrons. The cistrons choose the attributes like oculus and hair shading. stature. facial qualities and health conditions. Each person hold seven or eight cistrons that are associated with genuine wellbeing occupations. As a parent you can non order what cistrons you went to your child. PATHOPHYSIOLOGYCystic fibrosis ( CF ) is a familial multisystem vexed of children and adults. described primarily by obstructor and contamination of air sections and by maldigestion and its belongings. CF is acquired as an autosomal recessionary quality. The CF cistron codifications for a protein of 1. 480 amino acids called the CF trans layer controller ( CFTR ) . SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS The sort and disagreeableness of cystic fibrosis shifts from individual to person. * Salty enjoying tegument* Slow weight determine even with a decent appetency* Abnormal digestive system motions* Wheezing* Coughing* Increased lung mucose* Pneumonia* Nasal polyps-minimal overwhelming growings in the olfactory organ* Clubbing-extension of the fingertips and nose* Rectal prolapse-the rectum dwelling out the anus* No digestive tract movements in the initial 24-48 hours of life* Increased gas. swelling. or on the other hand a midsection that seems arrogant ( widened )* Nasal clog brought about by rhinal polyps* Infertility ( in work powers )* Repeated redness of the pancreas ( pancreatitis )* Respiratory symptoms* Due to losing a clump of salts tiredness. coming up short. febrility. musculus fits and parching occurs* Delayed developing Universes have 23 supports of chromosomes made of the familial substance deoxyribonucleic corrosive ( DNA ) . The CF cistron is found on chromosome figure 7. It takes two transcripts of a Cystic Fibrosis cistron one acquired from each parent for a child to demo side effects of Cystic Fibrosis. People groups brought into the world with only one CF cistron ( acquired from only one parent ) and one typical cistron are CF bearers. CF bearers do non demo CF side effects themselves. be that as it may, can experience the activity CF cistron to their children. Determination Some familial occupations can be recognized before birth ; cystic fibrosis is one of them. This should be possible by amniocentesis or chorionic villus attempting. In amniocentesis. a little entirety of liquid around the embryo is tried. In chorionic villus attempting a little bit of placenta is tried. The sweat preliminary is typically done when the infant is a month old. to ensure the example is huge bounty to be examined. The sweat preliminary can discover if the child conveys the cystic fibrosis cistron or has the status. Testing ought to be done at an inside gaining practical experience in cystic fibrosis. Familial testing is when DNA tests from blood or spit can be checked for explicit imperfections on the cistron liable for cystic fibrosis. A clinical history of a patient should be possible. The diagnosing of CF is being made early. typically in childhood. Some are brought into the world with a status called meconium intestinal obstacle. All neonates have meconium which is the middle. dim. clay like substance that typically goes from the rectum in the initial not many yearss of life in CF. the meconium can be unreasonably thick and gluey to experience and can entirely blockade the guts. Bodily fluid hinders the paths of the pancreas and keeps pancreatic stomach related juices from come ining the guts. without these stomach related juices. the insides can non retain fats and proteins completely. so supplements base on balls out of the natural structure unused rather than helping the natural structure develop. Poor fat absorbing causes the stools to show up sleek and cumbersome and builds the child’s risk for absences of the fat-dissolvable nutrients ( nutrients A. D. E. also, K ) . Unabsorbed fats may other than do exorbitant enteric gas. a strangely swollen midsection. what's more, stomach harming or awkwardness. Cystic fibrosis is the most widely recognized reason for pancreatic deficiency in kids. be that as it may, a status called Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome ( SDS ) is the second most basic reason. SDS is a familial status that makes a diminished capacity digest supplement since stomach related proteins don’t work acceptably. A portion of the indications of SDS are like those of CF. so it might be mistaken for cystic fibrosis. In any case. in childs with SDS. the sweat preliminary is ordinary. Since CF creates thick mucous discharge inside the respiratory land parcel. childs with CF may suffer from rhinal blockage. fistula occupations. wheezing. also, asthma-like side effects. As CF manifestations headway. they can build up an interminable hack that produces chunk of middle. substantial. stained mucous discharge. They other than may suffer from rehashed lung contaminations. Incessant contaminations chop down lung map. the capacity to slowly inhale much of the time diminishes. A person with CF may at long last get down to encounter shy of breath. in any event, while resting. In spite of forceful clinical treatment. lung infection creates in pretty much all patients with C F and is a typical reason for disablement and abbreviated life expectancy. TREATMENT/MANAGEMENTAn early diagnosing of CF and a complete mediation program can better both perseverance and personal satisfaction. Development and observing are extremely of import. In the event that conceivable. patients ought to be thought about at cystic fibrosis specialty facilities. which can be found in numerous networks. At the point when children arrive at development. they ought to reassign to a cystic fibrosis strong point place for adults. Treatment for lung employments incorporates anti-toxins to hinder and deal with lung and fistula diseases. They might be taken by oral depression. or on the other hand given in the venas or by take a breathing mediations. Proceeded with consideration may incorporate breathed in clinical claims to fame to help open up the air entries. high convergence of salt arrangements. lung unite in certain cases and O treatment. Cystic fibrosis has no cure. Over the mature ages mediation has been significantly improved for cystic fibrosis. * Anti biotics * Chest physical therapy* Exercise* Oxygen and lung organ transplant* Nutritional therapyAntibioticsPersons that have cystic fibrosis have continuous lung diseases. which may require visit hospitalizations. Anti-infection agents are the essential intercession for cystic fibrosis. The sort anti-toxin your doctor may ask for you will rely upon the strain of bacteriums included. how genuine is the status and your old use of anti-toxins. Oral anti-infection agents are given for gentle aviation route diseases. Breathed in anti-infection agents might be utilized completely or with unwritten anti-toxins. Intravenous anti-toxins are for horrible contaminations or when unwritten anti-microbials accomplish non work. Chest non-intrusive treatment Chest exercise based recuperation is the rocking of your chest and back again and again to liberate the mucous emission from your lungs with the goal that you can hack up the mucous discharge. This exercise based recuperation for cystic fibrosis ought to be done three to multiple times a twenty-four hours. Chest exercise based recuperation is other than called postural seepage since it expects you to be sitting or lying on your belly with your caput down. This treatment is perhaps extremely troublesome and awkward for certain individuals. Exercise Oxygen consuming practicing may help to extricate mucous discharge. elevate hacking to unclutter the mucous emission and better your general physical status Lung organ transplant Lung organ transplant expects medical procedure to supplant either of your lungs with sound lungs from a human provider. At the point when you are required to hold lung organ transplant is controlled by the kind of bacteriums in your lungs. your age and weight. the meds you are taking. holding other ailments and how great your lung is functioning. Wholesome treatment Having nutritionary treatment can better a person’s developing and advancement. quality and practicing resilience. Wholesome treatment may other than do you solid bounty to challenge some lung diseases. Wholesome treatment incorporates an even. fatty eating routine that is low in fat and high in protein. As bit of your nutritionary treatment. your doctor may arrange unwritten pancreatic catalysts to help you digest fats and proteins and ingest more nutrients. The chemicals ought to be taken in case signifier before each repast. counting chomps. Other intercession for stomach related occupations may incorporate clysters and bodily fluid diminishing drugs to deal with enteric blocks. Your doctor may other than ask clinical claims to fame that chop down belly corrosive and help the unwritten pancreatic chemicals work better. The executives At the moment there are no solutions for cystic fibrosis however there are a few mediation techniques. The heading of cystic fibrosis has improved altogether over the past decennaries. Quite a while in the past when bab

Gold Rush And War :: essays research papers

A dash for unheard of wealth prompts war The American Civil War (1861-1865) and the Reconstruction time frame that followed were the bloodiest sections of American history to date. Sibling battled sibling as the populace was part along sectional lines. The issue of servitude separated the country's kin and the ideological groups that spoke to them in Washington. The strain which snapped the uncomfortable ceasefire among north and south started working over servitude and statehood banters in California. In 1848, pioneers found gold at Sutter's Mill, beginning a mass movement. By 1849, California had enough residents to apply for statehood. In any case, the discussion about whether the huge western state would or would not permit servitude deferred its permission. Representatives from the south took steps to withdraw if California was conceded as a free state. In the mean time, emotions likewise flared in New Mexico and Texas over outskirt questions, and abolitionists battled professional subjection advocates over the issue o f slave exchanging inside the District of Columbia. Southern political pioneers, for the most part Democrats, proposed a show in Nashville to examine withdrawal. In 1850, Henry Clay proposed the Compromise of 1850 to Congress. The Compromise contained the accompanying arrangements: California would enter the association as free state. New Mexico region would be separated into New Mexico and Utah, and offered well known sway. Texas must yield a contested area to New Mexico as an end-result of government suspicion of its state obligation. Exchanging, yet not ownership, of slaves would be prohibited from the District of Columbia. Outlaw slave laws would be improved. Zachary Taylor, who was president at that point, was set up to veto the bills, however kicked the bucket out of nowhere. His replacement, Millard Fillmore, permitted the arrangements to breathe easy with the assistance of Stephen Douglas. The Nashville Convention met soon a short time later and decried the arrangement, howe ver made no definitive move. This uncomfortable détente would keep going for just four years. In 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Act makes further trade off for all intents and purposes inconceivable. It allowed mainstream sway to the two states, in the expectations that they would part on the bondage issue and proceed with the precarious uniformity among slave and free states. Nebraska immediately embraced a free-soil constitution and was conceded as a free state. Kansas, notwithstanding, was seriously part along sectional lines, and restricting political powers confirmed both a free and a slave constitution in 1855. Uproars broke out all over, and "Bleeding Kansas" fell into turmoil. John Brown, a notorious and insubordinate abolitionist, executed five master subjection activists in 1856 in counter for the homicide of five abolitionists.

Question Of Nuclear Energy - Free Essay Example

  We live in an age in which information can be obtained in a matter of seconds. News outlets seem to get their story as its happening, and the world is a little smaller because of it. However, with the advantage of having information at our fingertips comes disadvantages. It appears anyone with access to the internet is an automatic expert in the subject they wish to talk about, but that doesnt come without biased opinions and incomplete information being thrown into the mix.   With just anyone having the capability of publishing information online, basic things such as citations and quotes get left out; and because of societys sheep mentality, most of the public trusts what they read without question, without truly understanding. When the public refuses to ask questions and question their own knowledge, polarization can occur; creating a battle between emotion and fact. This is especially true for scientific subjects such as Nuclear Energy. On the quest to find general articles for this subject, I came at a crossroads between factual, unbiased journals and completely biased and emotional pleas to end the use of Nuclear Energy. According to the highly emotional and biased short article by GreenPeace, Nuclear energy has no place in a safe, clean, sustainable future. The article states that this anti-nuclear movement has been going on since 1971 and offers a wide array of articles based on other earth damaging processes such as the use of oil, as well as ways to participate in their movement towards eliminating all forms of nuclear energy use. Another point that was brought up was that Nuclear waste is still a long way from being safely disposable; Radioactive waste leaks into the surrounding environment, making it hazardous and inhabitable. The author also brings up that with all these risks, there is a threat of nuclear weapons that could affect our national security as well as the safety of the entire world. The article brings up the obvious Fukushima and Chernobyl, which states that they released enormous amounts of radiation into the surrounding communities, forcing hundreds of thousands of people to evacuate. Many of them may never come back. If the industrys current track record is any indication, we can expect a major meltdown about once per decade.   The last sentence of this quote was highlighted and when clicked on, links you to another article completely dedicated to the Fukushima disasters. Which includes facts, data and a wide array of citations, many of the facts include real threats such as food shortages, emergency evacuations, radiation poisoning and decontaminations.   This sub article also uncovers what seems to be conspiracies against the Japanese electric company, TEPCO (Tohoku Electric Power Co), which has multiple accusations of falsifying information inspection records, concealing knowledge of future disasters if a tsunami were to hit and creating a false sense of security when it came to nuclear safety; which in turn put workers and the public at risk. The rest of the article goes on to talk about not having an effective way of safely eliminating nuclear waste as well as the impact is having on our environment and how un-cost effective it really is. The theme of this article is very one sided and passionate about implementing clean energy, but from this article, it offers no real solution other than hopes and dreams. While the outside link to the article about Fukushima offered more tangible evidence for the dangers of nuclear energy, the author of the original article that is being presented today, did not give any solutions for alternative sources of energy other than a giant Take Action at the end of the article. Other than that, the article doesnt seem to offer too much data or citations, its more of compelling rhetorical questions that offer no real solution to the problem being presented.  Ã‚   This seems to be the problem with most articles on controversial subjects, which is disappointing because this is an issue that affects all of us as well as our planet. These articles are also easy to access, even for the most technologically impaired. I feel as though this article is of lower quality, as there is very little evidence provided and it seems to just go on tangents that spew facts without providing any form of tangible evidence other than passionate statements. And while there is nothing wrong with this, this type of writing is becoming the most popular way people are getting their information and it provides a very surface level of understanding towards a subject. This article also doesnt seem to provide a name of the author that wrote it, because of this, I am led to believe that this was done by someone who doesnt really know an expansive amount about the subject, or it was a collaborative effort. Either way, the lack of citations and authors is off putting, and I would not consider this as a trustworthy source. On the other end of the spectrum, an article written by Karl Grandin, Peter Jagers and Sven Kullander goes through the history, statistics and future of Nuclear Energy. The article starts off with a basic abstract that goes through the benefits as well as examples of apprehension from the public when it comes to the use of Nuclear Energy. As you go through the article, the authors discuss the priorities of Nuclear Energy according to the Energy Committee which includes Safety, Nuclear Waste, Non-Proliferation, Fuel Availability, Life-Cycle Analysis and Economic competiveness. It is mentioned several times in this article, the importance of constant studies and research to be done; safety seems to be the main concern and is almost promised to be integrated into future designs for the reactors. And the fate of nuclear energy lies in research of our current 2nd generation of generators to create the 3rd and 4th generations of reactors. However, according to the article, the fission seems to be the future of energy, as it has no long lasting radioactive waste like its counterpart. Fusion is thought to be the energy source of the cosmos and is sustainable and environmentally friendly, as fusion is material efficient.   Not all is so promising though, with the good outlook on less waste, comes more studies to be conducted to ensure all issues are solved. To test this, a demonstration reactor called DEMO will be implemented around the year 2030. This reactor will test the technological aspects as well as the economy of the design, as the current model for energy is not cost effective The theme of the paper is mostly research with data collected from a few reactors, but it seems as the rest of the data is hypothetical. The authors of this article also seem to be cautiously optimistic about Nuclear Energy and its future in fusion. This standpoint somewhat puts it in a positive light, but beyond hypothetical situations, there is no real tests of data to be collected.  Ã‚   To be honest, this article has a lot of information in it that required additional research to be able to understand a little bit more. However, from my understanding, the that is somewhat misleading, as it says, nuclear energy. My search for peer-reviewed articles was already sparse, finding an article that is mostly broad and general is next to impossible. On the subject on trustworthiness and quality of this article, I feel it is unfair to judge it harshly, as it did not meet my criteria of being broad about nuclear energy in the first place. However, there arent too many citations and references given in the article; and most of the citations are credited to one source of information. Which could mean that not too much research was put into this. It is misleading to believe that anything published or peer reviewed is trustworthy. A topic as important as nuclear energy should be thoroughly researched, looked at from both sides and with all this information, an individual should be able to question their own beliefs and form a strong rhetoric on the subject. When something is looked at too closely and not objectively, emotions get in the way of facts. The search for articles was proof of this. Finding an article that gave true facts was hard and quite frankly, sometimes presented in an unappealing manner, which might deter the average person.   Overall, I would not trust either of these sources alone. Additional reading would need to be done on my end to properly understand and form an understanding on the subject.

Limitations to the law of negligence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1994 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Discuss the effectiveness of the limitations that the law of negligence has imposed concerning the internalization of the costs of accidents The internalizing of the external costs associated with the consequences of negligent acts is a difficult proposition for academics, the courts, and government authorities. From the primary perspective of motor vehicle accidents, this paper examines the uneven internalisation of external accident costs obtained through the use of various negligence law tools in contrast with broader economic principles. All references are to the English tort system unless noted. The cost adjectives ‘internal’ and ‘external’ are imported into negligence law from the science of economics. The external costs of motor vehicle negligence are ones that affect society and which are not borne directly by the negligent party (Lindberg, 2004; p.1). The importance of these societal costs is underscored by the fact that ov er 20 million persons are injured or killed annually in motor vehicle accidents world wide, triggering cost consequences that reach as much as 2 percent of the Gross Domestic Product in some nations (Lindberg, 2001; p.400). A motor vehicle accident may precipitate environmental impacts, short term traffic congestion that affects the convenience of a potentially large number of other road users, a loss of productivity and labour, all of which occur in addition to property damage and personal injuries. The internal costs are the private costs that are the direct responsibility of the individual parties to the collision (Mattiacci, 2003; p.2). These are economic consequences that are personal to the vehicle users, whereas external costs have no impact upon a decision by the motor vehicle user to act in a particular fashion. To the economist, the external costs created by an act of negligence are a form of market failure, because there is a presumption of inefficiency in result. In e conomic terms, the desire to internalize these external accident costs is motivated by a need to correct a market imperfection and thus achieve a fair ‘price’ or outcome as a result of a negligent act.(Mattiacci, p.3) Motor vehicle operation in this context includes vehicle cost, fuel, maintenance, various forms of taxes, insurance premiums and the cost of time associated with vehicle operation. Both internal and external costs may also be understood by contrast with the various types of damages that may be awarded to a successful litigant in a conventional negligence action. This contrast is created by the intersection between economic theory and common law negligence principles, and it first achieved academic prominence through the work of Vickrey (1968), an economist, and the dissertations of legal commentators Calabresi (1970) and Stoljar (1973). These analyses may be regarded as seminal statements concerning the desired interplay between economics and the law of negligence. Each work identified the fundamental weakness of the tort system regarding the treatment of the external costs of a motor vehicle accident from two perspectives – the award of payments on a fault basis only, and the extent of compensation available. It was apparent that the tort system offered no incentive to drive safely and reduce the external cost of accidents. (Vickrey, p.4) These three separate reviews are an effective platform from which to review the progression in the modern analyses of the internal / external costs continuum. Traditional tort law principles when viewed through the lens of modern economic analysis now can be said to contain three broad objects –to internalize costs as an incentive for all motor vehicle users to take reasonable precautions and thus reduce over all motor vehicle accident costs; proper allocation of risk; the reduction of the administrative costs of tort claims (a subject that is beyond the scope of this pape r) Economists characterize the tort system as applied in motor vehicle accident actions as inefficient due to the quest in each case to determine the existence of fault, or other moral blameworthiness. This legal pursuit ultimately creates a ‘reward’ for the wronged party; (Nitkin and Landeo, 2004; p.2) the economist seeking to internalize costs would endeavour to minimize the total amount of money spent on (a) the costs associated with the accident in question and (b) the costs required to avoid the accident. When the principles of negligence law and the economic principles of external cost are brought together in this fashion, the broader, long term public implications of careless motor vehicle operation are brought into a clearer focus. Internalization of external costs is a significant extension of the law from available private remedy to broader social tool. In negligence cases, the essential legal question is when and to what extent a loss occasioned by the negligence of another should be shifted from the putative victim to another person or class (Donoghue, 1932). Legal determinations rest primarily upon the finding of a fault, as opposed to cost allocation, or other cost – benefit analysis (Gilles, 2003; p.491). A secondary consideration is the notion of quantum; the ancient maxim that the law does not concern itself with trifles is a practical barrier to otherwise well founded claims. By example, thousands of motorists who are inconvenienced by a road accident attributable to an act of negligence are an example of a significant external cost of the accident to the economist; the compensation otherwise payable to these individuals cannot be efficiently determined through the tort system, and it is therefore excluded. In the traditional tort law approaches employed in a variety of Anglo-American jurisdictions, the external economic consequences of negligent vehicle operation is not a significant factor in the primary determi nation of fault. As an example, if a motor vehicle owner’s insurance rating and resultant insurance premiums were to increase as a result of an ‘at fault’ accident (or even where there was no apportionment of fault), such considerations have meaning only to the economist and not the jurist. The courts, in applying the distinct but related doctrines of reasonable forseeability (Murphy, 1991), avoidability and contributory negligence, in the assessment of the impugned driver action, will make an award to the successful party without consideration of the broader societal or external costs of the conduct. The English Court of Appeal decision in Stovin (1994; pp.467 470) is an excellent encapsulation of the analysis of the consequences of a breach of duty, where the compensation awarded to remedy the breach is re-affirmed in traditional tort terms. The reasonable person / forseeability doctrines today remain limited tools with which to achieve any significant inte rnalisation of motor vehicle accident costs.(Stovin, 1994; p.467 -470) By contrast, the economist endeavors to assess the consequence of road negligence in terms of the overall quantifiable damage, without reference to any determination of individual culpability or absence of acceptable behavior. The economist assumes that there exists a relationship between driver actions and economic consequence – to create the most efficient allocation of resources, the party must be forced through economic levers to make the most efficient choices (Stoljar, 1980). Monetary incentives and disincentives are therefore the preferred economic motivator to act safely and prudently, to achieve the motor vehicle user equivalent of efficiency for the economist.(Lindberg, 2001; p. 405) There are a range of external costs that constitute the entire economic consequences of a motor vehicle collision that are either imperfectly captured or incapable of inclusion in the calculation of a damage aw ard from a motor vehicle accident claim. Examples of such costs include the ‘rental cost’ of highways, including consequent congestion, delay, and inconvenience to other users of the affected roadway; insurance coverages that are inadequate for the harm caused; accident costs borne by the National Health Service or other private health care providers (Health Act, 2006). Many commentators , including Stoljar (1973, pp. 233-240) and Mattiacci (2003; p.3), have stressed the ineffectiveness of legal reforms in negligence law as a means of influencing behaviors and thus converting external societal impacts into internal costs. Financial incentives and economic benefits will more readily stimulate a motor vehicle user to select alternate courses of action that are safer and tend to reduce external costs. Specific examples of limitations and approaches Technological advances in driver safety, known generally as Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) are vehicle managemen t programs that combine Global Positioning System technology, integrated on board digital maps, and vehicle monitoring to make road usage more efficient and contribute to the reduction of motor vehicle accidents.(Lindberg, 2004; p.3) Tort systems in a number of jurisdictions have been altered to permit the introduction of shared liability (no fault) systems. There is little evidence to suggest that accident rates and related external costs decline in these jurisdictions. Statutory changes such as the allocation of hospital care costs among constituents of the health care system are not internalisation of such costs. (Compensation Act, 2006) Government imposed fuel surcharges and road tolls (both distance related charges and congestion tolls) create a disincentive to drive, either generally or at certain peak periods. As a result, the motor vehicle accident rate tends to decline where such measures are implemented. (Lindberg, 2004; p.2) The related outcomes of road congestion, environmental impacts due to motor vehicle accidents, and vehicle wear were also correspondingly reduced. All of these consequences are examples of quantifiable internalisation of otherwise external costs. The most important externality that is considered in conventional motor vehicle negligence cases is vehicle speed. It is a well established principle of automobile driver behavior that higher speeds generally lead to higher risks of motor vehicle accidents. The higher risk in turn leads to a risk of greater adverse consequences for the parties involved in such collisions. (Lindberg, 2004; p.3) Anti-speeding devices or other vehicle modifications have been tested in relation to whether their use modifies driver behaviour and influences a resultant internalized accidents cost. Where the user is given a financial incentive to use the equipment (generally by insurance premium reduction), accident rates and consequent external costs are eliminated. Conversely, the imposition of s peed limits and road traffic enforcement create monetary disincentives to speed, by way of fines and resultant insurance premium increases. (Lindberg, 2004) The final factor to be considered in the internalisation of accident costs may be human nature itself; people tend to find behaviour the most acceptable when it contributes most to their self-esteem. (Levitt, 2005; p. 90) Bibliography Birks, Peter (1999) ‘Equity, Conscience, and Unjust Enrichment’ Melbourne University Law Review, 1-18 Calabresi, Guido (1970) ‘The Cost of Accidents: A Legal and Economic Analysis’ (New Haven, CT: Yale University) Gilles, Stephen G., (2003) â€Å"The Emergence of Cost / Benefit Balancing in English Negligence Law’ Chicago-Kent Law Review 77, 489-522 Goerke, Lazlo (2001) ‘Accident Law: An Excessive Standard may be Efficient† https://www.cesifo-gr.IDL/cesifo_wp625.pdf (Date accessed 7/10/06) Gosnell, Chris (2000) ‘English Courts : The Restoration of a Common Law of Pure Economic Loss’ University of Toronto Law Journal, 2, 1- 8 Keating, Gregory C. (2006) â€Å"Strict liability and the Mitigation of Moral Luck’ University of Southern California Law School / Legal Studies Paper No. 06-17 Levitt, Steven D. and Stephen J. Dubner Freakonomics (New York: Harper Collins) Lindberg, G. (2001), Traffic Insurance and Accident Externality Charges, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, Vol. 35, Part 3, pp 399-416. Lindberg, Gunnar et al (2004) ITS Revolution and Voluntary Reduction of Speeding https://users.du.se/~jen/Seminarieuppsatser/Safety_JEN_20oct.pdf#search=internalisation of accident costs (Date accessed 8/10/06) Mattiaca, Giuseppe D. (2003) ‘Towards a Positive Economic Theory of Negative Liability’https://jiju.gmu.edu.departments/law/facultypapers/docs/03-29.pdf (Date accessed 7/10/06) Nikitin, Maxim and Claudia Landeo Split-Award Tort Reform, Firm’s L evel of Care, and Litigation Outcomes https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/ecmlatm04/4.htm (Date accessed 8/10/06) Priest, George L. (1991) ‘The Modern Expansion of Tort Liability: Its Sources, its Effects, and its Reform’ Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5, 3 31-50 Shavell, S. (1987) Economic Analysis of Accident Law. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press) Stoljar, S.J. (1973) ‘Accidents, costs and legal responsibility’, Modern Law Review, 36, 233-240 Stoljar, S. J. (1980) ‘Moral and Legal Reasoning’ (Totowa, NJ: Barnes and Noble) Vickery, William (1968) ‘Automobile Accidents, Tort Law, Externalities and Insurance: An Economists Critique’, Law and Contemporary Problems, 33, 468-87 Table of Statutes (United Kingdom) Compensation Act, 2006 Health Act, 2006 Road Traffic Act, 1988 Table of Cases Donoghue v. Stevenson [1932] A.C. 562 (H.L.) Murphy v. Brentwood District Council [1991] 1 A.C. 398 (H.L.) Stovin v. Wise et al [1994] 3 All ER 467 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Limitations to the law of negligence" essay for you Create order

The Mystery Of Grand Island - 1562 Words

The boat was swaying with every wave. I had been on a boat many times before, I had been on this boat many times before, but this time was different, this time I was frightened for my life. All it was supposed to be was a quick tour around Grand Island, a magnificent island in Lake Superior, but it turned into something more, something that will forever haunt my thoughts and dreams. How the eight of us ever survived that day, still remains a mystery. Grand Island is one of the most remarkable islands in all of Lake Superior. My grandfather, Captain James Herbert Barrow II, worked at the Grand Island landing with Tall Jim, for my grandfather is the shorter of the two men. Every summer my brother and I would visit my grandparents and spend†¦show more content†¦Everything was normal for about the first 10 minutes. Then all of a sudden the boat started jerking until it finally just stopped right where we were. Lake Superior is home of more than 6,000 sunken vessels, and we happened to be floating right above one which can be slightly unnerving when your ship isn’t working. My grandfather was the first to do anything, he got up and went to try to figure out what was wrong. To make a not so long but boring story short, he had no idea what was wrong with the the motor which was impressive on the motor’s part to hide the damage from someone like my grandfather, who knew a lot about boats. My grandmother, my Aunt Holly, and Sandy at the moment didn’t mind that our very lives were at risk because they went back to doing what women their age are best at doing, sipping on wine and talking about things that have use whatsoever. My brother, Elliot, and I had to suffer the awful feeling of dehydration because we weren’t allowed to drink the lake water, or at least I wasn’t, Elliot wasn’t thirsty. I was digging through the bag of food finding only a few rhubarb bars when I heard someone singing. When I turned around, it was Sandy and eventually almost everyone was singing a song I had never heard before. â€Å"Sit right back and you’ll hear a tale, a tale of a fateful trip,† Some other lyric I couldn’t make out,

Ways to Improve in my Profession

Question: Examine ways in which you can improve yourself; accept yourself; find purpose in your life and learn to deal with crises and decision making? Answers: Ways in which I can improve- in my profession There are a millions of people who are engaged with the profession of teaching across the globe. There are teachers in the primary schools, secondary schools, colleges and even universities. These teachers do their best in improving the children by imparting them education irrespective of the backgrounds of the children. In recent years significant progress has been made in the field of primary education (Improving teaching and learning in schools, 2015). Problems in the primary teaching system As the education system has considerably expanded, the challenges of the system have also increased. It was seen that the skills of the teachers like the reading, speaking, listening and writing were needed in the primary schools for the teachers to teach. But some of the skills like the speaking and the listening skills were not there among the teachers. The emphasis was given to reading and writing instead. Even the teachers felt that the writing and the reading skills will cover for the listening and the speaking skills (Teaching of English at Primary Level in Government Schools, 2015). There was another problem that the education system faced; it was the use of the text books. The writing skills of the students were not looked after by the teachers in most of the primary schools in the country. There are more problems that needs to be solved at this moment to improve Understanding the children- before starting with the teaching it is very important to note that I should understand the children. The way by which I can make the children make listen to my teachings needs to figure out. It must be kept in mind that the initial years of the students are important for the building blocks of their career. Thus I should develop the knowledge about how can I make the teaching more interesting for the students. I must make the children participate in various activities so that they enjoy their studies. I have a problem of differentiating among the students. I used to prefer those children who were good in studies. Now I must ensure that each and every student is being looked after by me. I need to take care of the students who are weak in their studies by guiding them and giving special attention to them. Verbal proficiency I need to improve my linguistic skills. Since the children are greatly affected by the way a teacher talks and conducts themselves. With an enhanced verbal proficiency I will be able to enrich the interactions with the students in the classroom. If the children find my way of teaching interesting then they will eagerly attend the classes (Primary School Teachers : Enhancing Effectiveness at no Increased Costs, 2015). Even I should make the student stalk on various topics which will make them more confident while they speak in the public. Creativity I need to incorporate some sort of creativity in my work. By incorporating new ways and styles in my teachings I can improve the skills of the students. Moreover the students need to earn something out of the school text book or the course curriculum. I need to take this decision by my own so that I can give my students the best of the knowledge and make them stand out in the school. Ways in which I can improve- in my personal life I believe that people needs to love him or her in order to make it big in life. When we like ourselves more, and when our view of ourselves goes up then we will stop trying so willingly to get support and attention from the other people (Mattitude- Be yourself, improve yourself, 2015). I need to increase my self esteem in order to get the above mentioned benefits. If I fail to boost my morale or my self esteem then people will look down upon me (Accepting Yourself, 2015). They will neglect me even though I put up a hard work. I need to be more self confident about taking the decisions in my personal life as well as the professional life so that my students as well as the people look-up to me. I am teaching in a primary school as well as studying in an open university. It takes a lot of hard work for me. I need to feel proud of my capabilities and my decisions and not feel guilty about risking my life or not getting any time for myself. I should learn to appreciate the things that I have learnt and achieved (Nine Things You Can Do to Improve Yourself and Help Others, 2015). By doing these I hope that I will be able to update and upgrade myself and feel more confident about myself as well as I will be able to take my decisions independently. References Accepting Yourself. (2015) (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.cci.health.wa.gov.au/docs/SE_Module%206_July%2005.pdf Improving teaching and learning in schools. (2015) (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.tlrp.org/pub/documents/TLRP_Schools_Commentary_FINAL.pdf Mattitude- Be yourself, improve yourself. (2015) (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.wsfia.org/pdf/booth/Mattitude-Ink-2009.pdf Nine Things You Can Do to Improve Yourself and Help Others. (2015) (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.kevinpowell.net/BMHB%20Nine%20Things.pdf Primary School Teachers : Enhancing Effectiveness at no Increased Costs. (2015) (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.nuepa.org/libdoc/e-library/articles/2002nsood.pdf Teaching of English at Primary Level in Government Schools. (2015) (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.ncert.nic.in/departments/nie/del/publication/pdf/English_Primary_level.pdf

Purple Rose Of Cairo Movie Response Essays - English-language Films

Purple Rose Of Cairo Movie Response Overall I felt this was a very enjoyable movie, which came as a surprise to me. I am not a huge fan of Woody Allen, but I must say that I thought this was the best work that I have seen from him. The opening scene with Cecilia at work in the diner draws an immediate parallel to the Valentino pieces we read. She is discussing with her co-worker the intimate details of the life of one of a movie star, almost as if she were one of his family members. This is very closely related to how America felt when Valentino died. People who had never met the actor wept and went to pay their respects to the dead actor because they felt a closeness with him. I really like the whole human aspect that Woody Allen used in portraying Ceclia's life. He basically defined the theatre as a way for her to leave a life, which for the most part was bad, for a few hours. She had an abusive, disinterested husband and was having a tough time at work. All this coupled with the fact that it was the Depression era in American history make Cecilia's life extremely difficult. All of these problems, however, disappeared once Cecilia entered the movie theatre. I liked this because this is how many people feel. When you are bored, lonely, etc. you can pop in a movie and almost get away from the real world. I thought the whole idea of the Tom Baxter character walking off the screen was not only funny but brilliant. We have seen movies where people go into the screen, as in last week's Sherlock, Jr., but rarely do we see an actor leave the screen. I thought Jeff Daniels did an excellent job in portraying both Baxter and the real actor in the film, Gil Shepherd. In discussing this aspect of the film, I also thought that Allen's use of explaining fact and fiction was great. Through the Tom Baxter character Cecilia began to understand that the movies, although a great escape, were not real and that life is difficult weather you are an actor or a poor working class woman like herself. In the end, it was almost like a test in school when Cecilia had to choose between the two and she realized that Gil was a real person while Tom Baxter was just a character in a movie. One example of one of the lessons that taught this in the film was when Baxter and Cecilia were having a lavish meal with champagne, etc. When the bill came Baxter whipped out his money like he was a rich man, when in fact all he had was movie money - which had no use in the real world. They ended up having to run out on the bill. Soon after this detail was brought up again when Baxter gave a bum waiting in line at the Soup Kitchen a bill. The poor person looked at the money almost confused and then threw it on the ground. Another great example was when Cecilia was in the church trying to explain to Baxter about God, because he had no idea about it and thought that the writers of the movie were God. The scene further emphasized the difference between the movies and reality when Baxter and Monk got into a fight. Baxter's character was written with the ability to fight a fair fight, however he was not prepared for the roughhouse street tactics of Monk. Despite getting beaten up, Baxter was completely fine because his character was not written with the ability to get hurt. I think that the Purple Rose of Cairo did a lot to refute many of the beliefs of the Adorno and Horkheimer article. The whole concept of mass customization really did not play into this film. I thought that the movie itself really gave off a sense of individuality in that there are not any other films like this around. I also felt that the ending of the film directly refuted the point made in the article about everyone has to behave in accordance with previously determined and indexed level.

Gibsons Passion essays

Gibson's Passion essays The problem of illegal immigration is twofoldone, there is the problem that illegal immigrants take jobs away from American citizens. The second, a more recently recognized threat, is that because illegal immigrants often lay America open to terrorist threats. Approaching this problem must not simply be confined to improving airport security, border patrols and creating less permeable borders. Many high-risk immigrants penetrate the border legally, often with temporary visas. Once in the country, they find work under the table.' Thus, first and foremost individuals who give illegal immigrants employment and who provide financial sustenance for this underground economy must be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law. Another potential solution that has been offered is introducing a national identification card. However, such a card already effectively exists, that of a driver's license that one must use to board planes. According to David Simcox, "despite a campaign by the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators for more uniformity, the formats, security features and databases of state licenses vary wildly. A majority does not require the Social Security number. Only a handful use biometrics, usually fingerprints. And there is a hodgepodge of mutually incompatible formulas for assigning unique numbers to drivers." (Simcox, 2002) This criticism should not be leveled simply upon driver's licenses, but upon all forms of identification for American citizens. A national identity card is less necessary than greater uniformity of all documentation, and more responsible checking for documents that exist. Consider visas, for instance. Surprisingly, even after September 11, the United States government has also failed to enforce time limits on visas of foreign-born nationals. (Camarota, 2002) If the U.S. Government ...

E-Commerce Website Description Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

E-Commerce Website Description - Term Paper Example The last thing under the first part is business growth and competitive analysis. Under this,we look at the competitors of the business and how the website quality and technical specifications will allow it exist in the market segment. It also describes the strategic assessment of the customers’ needs. The next section describes the functional requirements of windows blind website. This incorporates what the system can and must do. Each deliverable is described in details on the basis of the functions to be implemented. This section also lists down all the users and their tasks are also elaborated. The functional specifications are further divided into technical specifications and the non-technical specification. The technical specification directly addresses the requirements of the website while the non-technical specifications assist the technical specification in the realization of the objectives described in the first section. The final section presents aaa description of t he site map and the user testing framework. The site map shows all the pages and sections available in the website. It also describes the basic functionalities of the website. It also includes the technical specification documentation and the dimensions of ecommerce security which must be realized by any ecommerce website. These dimensions include authenticity, confidentiality, integrity, non-repudiation and availability. The paper describes how windows blind website achieves all these dimensions. Introduction Windows blind ecommerce website is a website which automates business transactions and that deals in IT products. Its processes are in position to achieve five dimensions of ecommerce security which are confidentiality, integrity, authenticity, non-repudiation and availability. Windows blind has three different users with different privileges. These users are the visitors (non-registered users), customers (registered users) and the administrators. Once the visitors enter the s ite they are expected to register. Registration involves filling of forms or provision of user credential which are eventually stored in the central database for the next login attempts by the registered users. Integrity is the ability to ensure that data being displayed on a network or being transmitted or received over the Internet has not been altered in anyway by an unauthorized party. An e-commerce customer can examine message integrity if the contents are questionable and out of character for the person who sent it. The system administrator must deal with the issues of integrity when determining who should have authority to change data. The more people with authority to change data, the greater the threat of integrity both outside and inside Non repudiation is the ability to ensure that ecommerce parties do not deny their online actions. Windows Blind ecommerce website achieves non repudiation by the use of an arbitrator which implements the public key cryptography to ensure t hat a client or customer is authenticated before any transaction. Confidentiality on the other hand is the ability to ensure that the message sent across the website reaches the intended recipient. Windows blind website achieves confidentiality by a process known as secure electronic transaction. This process requires that the transacting party obtains a public key from a trusted certificate authority. Situation analysis Presented is an ecommerce website known as windows

The Risks Associated with Outsourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Risks Associated with Outsourcing - Essay Example Offshoring refers to the location of the work while outsourcing refers to who does the work. A company may offshore without outsourcing if the jobs are relocated to its captive unit or its own office in another country (Scott, Ticoll & Murti, 2005). Thus, in general terms outsourcing refers to a buyer contracting with an outside supplier for services. Various factors are responsible for this but both the buyer and the supplier are subject to risks in different fields. Outsourcing as a cost-effective strategy has shown positive results but significant risks have to be recognized and managed. Since the company relies on some other company for its functions, they have to be managed properly otherwise it could adversely affect the customers and their operations (O’Keeffe & Vanlandingham, n.d.). As far as the buyer is concerned, delays by the supplier can affect customer satisfaction and performance level. In production units, this would mean maintaining higher levels of stocks to mitigate risks but then this involves higher working capital to be blocked. Secondly, the product or service quality may suffer in outsourcing. Hence it is important that the partners or the suppliers have to be assessed carefully before finalizing the deal. If the supplier does not have the capacity to carry out the work or have the financial stability to service the contract, it poses a risk for the buyer (McKenna & Price, 2007) Suppliers may not be financially viabl e thus exposing the buyer to supply interruption risk. Loh and Venkatraman (1995) emphasize that the control issue is the major inhibitor. Firms are reluctant in shifting the locus of competencies towards the external suppliers. This would mean that the decisions rights over the assets are vested in the vendors that might not share the same goals and objectives as the client organization. Thus, even though the benefits of outsourcing offer temptations to the client organization, the risks to have to be considered before signing the contract. Both parties face risk although the client organization is more at risk than the vendor. The skills and competencies of the vendor are critical to the success of the alliance. The client has to transfer not just the technical know-how to the supplier but also communicate the larger goals and objectives so that the vendor’s approach is in alignment with the company objectives. In fact, unless both the parties work in unison, risks would be on both sides. Â  

Cultural Determinants of Terrorism Essay Example for Free

Cultural Determinants of Terrorism Essay Orchestrated objectives within well-organized terrorist groups suggest that principles of organizational psychology apply to terrorist organizations, under the cultural influence of each one (Borum, 2004). There is much cause for optimism in understanding terrorist organizations, for as Alder and Gunderson (2008) write, â€Å"Luckily, we have learned that global complexity is neither unpredictable nor random† (p. v). The call for research has never been more pressing. Introduction â€Å"Terrorism is an elusive subject, evading precise political, jurisprudential, and cultural definition† (Oliveri, 2008, p. 49). It depends upon the definition of ‘terrorism’. â€Å"With over 100 definitions, this is not an easy task; there is no common understanding of what constitutes ‘terrorism’; no clear and universally acknowledged definition actually exists† (Franks, 2007, p. 2). The definition Munger (2006) proposes that is used for this paper is, â€Å"Culture is defined as the set of ‘inherited’ beliefs, attitudes, and moral strictures that a people use to distinguish outsiders, to understand themselves and to communicate with each other† (p. 131). The distinguishing characteristic of ‘them’ and ‘us’ is perhaps the fundamental belief generated within cultures that makes terrorism towards others possible. Whether viewed in terms of extremist Muslim culture or right-wing American culture, cultural identity supports the conflict of ideologies. Ward (2008) says, â€Å"Terrorism has taken the academic world by storm† (p. 248). The Psychology of Terrorism only became a legitimate academic study in 1982; â€Å"terrorism is far from a new phenomenon, traceable to the French Revolution and the Nihilists of 19th Century Russia† (Franks, 2007, p. ). Undoubtedly, it goes much further into the annals of history than the 19th Century, â€Å"the concept of terrorism had no meaning in history until the modern era† (Bratkowski, 2005, p. 764). Prior to modernity, terrorism was so much a part of daily culture it was normal behavior, without a specific word for it. In fact, for most of Christendom, â €Å"humankind has always provided a justification for killing and instilling terror in fellow humans† (p. 764). It is only recently that most cultures have placed a label of immorality on selective murder to achieve political or cultural ends. Our species has a protracted history and prehistory of terrorism. One might wonder why terrorism has â€Å"taken the academic world by storm†. Insights from Psychology â€Å"Terrorist violence most often is deliberate (not impulsive), strategic, and instrumental; it is linked to and justified by ideological (e. g. , political, religious) objectives and usually involves a group or multiple actors/supporters (Borum, 2004, p. 17). Since terrorist objectives originate within multinational organizations, principles of organizational psychology apply to all terrorist organizations, under the cultural milieu of the organization in question. What is now certain is that terrorism is not a psychopathological aberration, as was originally thought in psychoanalytical circles (Crenshaw, 1992). Terrorist organizations are composed of clear-headed individuals, often with advanced university degrees. Merari (1991) collected empirical data on suicide bombers, and found that psychopathology is almost never a factor in a terrorist’s profile. In fact, â€Å"prevalence of mental illness among samples of incarcerated terrorists is as low as or lower than in the general population† (Borum, 2004, p. 34). This is a clear indicator that we are dealing with psychologies of organization, and not groups of crazed sociopaths. Survival of the organization, a tenet of organizational psychology, has clear implications for the terrorist mindset (Post, 1989), even though â€Å"research on the psychology of terrorism largely lacks substance and rigor. While cultural factors are important, much study remains. â€Å"Future research should be operationally-informed; maintain a behavior based focus; and derive interpretations from analyses of incident-related behaviors† (Borum, 2004, p. 3). The main problem with such a venture might be that terrorists are not giving interviews or taking surveys. Borum points out that â€Å"there is a broad spectrum of terrorist groups and organizations, each of which has a different psychology, motivation and decision making structure† (p. 5). This further underscores the need to be on guard against the ‘stereotypical terrorist organization’: there is none. In a terrorist organization, â€Å"two key narcissistic dynamics are a grandiose sense of self and ‘idealized parental imago’. If one can’t be perfect, at least one can be in a relationship with something perfect† (Borum, 2004, p. 9). Association with a world figure such as Bin Laden satisfies this need; this can lead us back to US culture: promulgation and amplifying worldwide terrorism, via the news media. Bin Laden often makes the evening news, and every time he does, his ‘world stature’ is elevated, especially in the min ds of his followers. It the name Bin Laden was unknown, how much less effective would al-Qaeda become? Media has some degree of culpability, if not complicity in promulgating terrorism worldwide by providing free publicity to organizations and their cause. According to Paul Marsden (CPM, 2001, p. 1), â€Å"the amount of media coverage devoted to these events, by television networks and newspapers, correlates positively with the rise in subsequent `copycat events. This is darkly consistent with the substantial body of evidence for suicide contagion the idea that suicides beget suicide. † If distraught teenagers copy Columbine style shootings, how much more are suicide attacks from terrorist cells encouraged by watching the evening news? Unintentionally but effectively eulogizing angry teens and terrorists alike hold moral implications for the major news media, which need addressing by society. Organizational Psychology provides some insight: if a culture perceives it is losing its ability to contribute its share to the world stage, conflict will result (Rahim, 1986; Katz ; Kahn, 1978). Considering that entire cultures may feel they are losing their ability to contribute because of intervention of external cultures upon their own culture is likely one requisite to the creation of worldwide terror organization formation. Cultural factors of extremist Muslim society While many in the West view extremist Muslim terrorism as irrational behavior by deranged individuals, â€Å"it is perfectly possible to understand terrorism as a rational decision problem, if we accept the premise that culture matters† (Munger, 2006, p. 132). â€Å"Islamic societies, not exclusively, but perhaps to a greater extent than most other nations, are committed to an idea of the perfectibility of humans in societies, through moral education and imposition and enforcement of moral law (Sharia) based on the Quran† (p. 142). This religious adherence adds a great deal of resistance to compromise from outside cultures, and bolsters the extremist elements within Islamic society. Much of the cultural foundation of extremist Muslim culture is their unique interpretation of the Quran: â€Å"The contemporary terrorist mentality and culture, which are rooted in absolutist, either-or, good-and-evil world views, resist efforts to negotiate. Accommodation, bargaining, and mutually acceptable compromise are not envisioned as possibilities within many terrorists’ mental framework† (Smelser ; Mitchell, 2002, p. 1). It appears that once a terrorist organization is established, the only ways to eliminate it is either when they accomplish their objectives, to destroy them, or to take away their reason to exist, which will allow Skinnerian extinction to follow over time. The ‘destroy’ method is problematic and costly: how does one destroy an ideology? Islamic terrorists are well-connected using technology; their geographic locality is literally everywhere and nowhere. Culturally-attuned uses of information technology† are a major source of cross-cultural influences in the creation and sustaining of terrorist organizations (Bailey ; Grimaila, 2006, p. 534). Terrorist organizations are expert in spreading and sustaining their ideology around the world. Once indoctrinated into a group, people will generally follow orders, no matter how extreme or violent, as long as the individual perceives that the order was issued from the appropriate authority (Milgram, 1965). Cultural influences caused normal students at Stanford to transform into ‘merciless prison guards’; once given the role and the authority, al-Qaeda recruits mold easily to orders from Bin Laden. Not only do they have a physical authority, which relieves their individual conscience from objecting, but also they further believe that Allah Himself sanctions Bin Laden and themselves in their efforts to establish Sharia law throughout the world (Bailey ; Grimaila, 2006). There is substantial agreement that the psychology of terrorism cannot be considered apart from political, historical, familial, group dynamic, organic, and even purely accidental, coincidental factors† (Borum, 2004, p. 22). Borum also states, â€Å"Significant differences [exist] both in, 1) the nature and level of aggression in different cultures, and 2) aggression can be environmentally manipulated; both findings that argue against a universal human instinct [of violence]† (p. 12). Diamond (20 04) argues that environmental influences are paramount in understanding why cultures are the way they are. The Fertile Crescent, once the cornerstone of agriculture, became radically altered once all the forests were clear-cut, leaving mostly a barren desert environment. It is interesting to note that the foundation cultures which harbored the seeds of al-Qaeda all come from this former environmental paradise. Therefore, while culture probably has the most influence on the creation of terrorist organizations in the short term today, environment certainly has a large degree of impact over the long term, and might have a large impact in the short term via militaristic or political manipulation. For many critics, global or ‘hyper’ terrorism has become an ultimate expression of acutely depressed geopolitical chaos† (Ward, 2008, p. 252). Geopolitical chaos produces environments ripe with opportunity for recruiters toward the cause of terrorism. Without addressing and rectifying the chaotic areas of the world, it is highly doubtful, that global terrorism will end. Cultures th at feel oppressed or depraved on the world stage may rise in rebellion against the oppressing culture(s), with or without religious dictate. Muslim culture is producing the lion’s share of high-visibility terrorists in the world today (Borum, 2004). One way to understand Muslim culture as it relates to the creation of terrorism is to look at Hofstede’s dimensions. Generally, Islamic countries have large inequalities of status, forming a small ruling group, and a large ruled group with limited power. Hofstede (2001) shows, those Arab cultures have large Power Distance (PDI) (80) and Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) (68). When these two Dimensions are combined, it creates a situation where leaders have virtually ultimate power and authority. It is not unusual for new leadership to arise from armed insurrection – the ultimate power, rather than from diplomatic or democratic change† (Borum, 2004, p. 44). Virtually the only method available for the downtrodden in Arab society to express their need for change is by armed insurrection. This is a valuable insight into the cultural creation of Arab-based terr orism, possibly the most important one. Naturally, from the ‘terrorists’ point of view they are not terrorists at all but â€Å"freedom fighters†, fighting with their only available means to enact positive change. Does this mean efforts at establishing democracy in Muslim states are likely to fail? Cultural roots run deep, and are resistant to change by outside cultures (Weiten, 2004), so the question of democracy introduced and established by Westerners is a highly speculative venture. Finally, take the case of a female suicide bomber. It was originally assumed that the young woman who committed this act was â€Å"innocent, ignorant, and of questionable morality† (Brunner, 2007, p. 961). It is difficult for Westerners to imagine otherwise. Subsequent interviews revealed that she was educated, showed no signs of emotional disturbance, and was â€Å"as highly intelligent and more independent than other girls in her society, but still fully within the range of normal† (p. 961). The key point is that she was â€Å"fully within the range of normal†, according to the culture that she grew up within. By not understanding her culture, Western culture had labeled her â€Å"innocent, ignorant, and immoral†, overlooking key factors with which to fully understand why a mentally stable young woman would commit such an act, and more importantly, to be able to deal realistically with the rise of extremist terrorism through a lack of cultural understanding. Cultural factors of the United States There is a cultural precedence of powerful nations to label other nations as ‘evil’: a threat to ‘civilization’ (Ivie, 2005). In the U. S. , â€Å"this is a very old cultural theme, deeply ingrained into the political psyche† (p. 56). This cross-cultural mindset of powerful nations is one part in the creation of terrorists in weaker cultures, a type of self-fulfilling prophecy: the call to destroy the ‘barbarians that threaten democracy’ is an ancient one; Greece and Rome had similar ongoing open-ended campaigns against terrorists, as does the U. S. today (p. 55). The main trouble with an open-ended campaign is that it never ends†¦ another cultural perception that needs adjustment on the world stage in order to arrive at peace in the world. Looking at the cultural history of the US, the ‘savage’ has always been the object of distain and genocide, in order to ‘make way for civilization’ (Ivie, 2005). The genocide of indigenous peoples of the North American continent is well documented, even using biological terrorist tactics of germ warfare; giving ‘gifts’ of small-pox laden blankets to Indians without acquired immunity against devastating disease (Diamond, 1997). Oliverio (2008) writes, â€Å"It was also a matter of common sense that the Aryan race was superior. This taken-for-granted reality of Aryan superiority led to the extermination of millions of American Indians, millions of African slaves bound for America, and countless indigenous cultures throughout the world† (p. 21). Powerful cultures that label weaker cultures as savages are a powerful impetus to the creation of terrorism. It is a recent habit of the American Right to wage war against abstractions (Comaroff, 2007, p. 381). The line between metaphorical and real war, blurred beyond recognition, gives rise to such cultural terms as ‘the war against drugs’, ‘the war against poverty’, ‘the war against illegal immigration’ (Sherry, 1995), and has become the standard of cultural mind-set in America today. Again, the US has a â€Å"militarized world-view extended to declaring metaphorical wars on disease, crime, engaging in ‘trade wars’ with foreign competitors, and fighting ‘culture wars’ with one another† (p. 58). â€Å"Culture wars† is the main point in question: how can peace ever prevail if acts of war against culture prevail? Even the Olympic Games that followed 9/11 became a forum for the core Bush Doctrine (Falcous ; Silk, 2005). How does the reduction of civil liberties fare with the response to terrorism? Not allowing college professors to speak out against governmental policies associated with the war on terror (Crowson ; DeBacker, 2008, p. 296) is one form of right-wing authoritarianism that many Americans think needs implementation. A disturbing trend of loss of personal freedoms that some associate with fascism. Taken as a whole, US domestic and foreign policy regarding oil consumption, and support for oppressive regimes, is set aside in deference to critical scrutiny of individual behavior and the forms of ‘moral lassitude’ associated with a culture of dependency† (Hay ; Andrejevic, 2006, p. 344). So at least part of the U. S. cultural mindset is about securing its own economic interests at the expense of decency and fairness on the world stage. Many people think that the U. S. would never have bothered with Iraq if they had no strategic oil supplies, especially in the Middle East and Europe. This belief can only inflame world tensions further. Understanding cross-cultural inter-dependencies A surprising interdependency, regards the Bush Administration itself. According to Kellner (2004), not only Jihadists are responsible for ‘spectacular acts of terror’, but also both Bush administrations. They deployed â€Å"Manichean discourses of good and evil which themselves fit into dominant media codes of popular culture; that both deploy fundamentalist and absolutist discourses† (p. 41). This is extremely similar to the â€Å"contemporary terrorist mentality and culture, which are rooted in absolutist, either-or, good-and-evil world views, resist efforts to negotiate† (Smelser ; Mitchell, 2002, p. 1). The Bush administration openly declares its refusal to communicate with terrorist organizations or states, which is absolutist. We know that incentives flourish within such organizations (Munger, 2006). Incentives usually take two forms: 1) recruit members that are prone to obey and please within a cultural setting (e. g. collectivist rather than individualist cultures), and 2) â€Å"Create a set of incentives that reward loyalty, by giving access to excludable near-public (â€Å"club†) goods† (p. 131). Mohammed Atta reportedly was â€Å"at a strip club spending a lot of money, shouting anti-American slogans, and left a copy of the Quran before he left† (USA TODAY, 2001, p. 1). This incident seems to have fallen under ‘club goods’ instead of operational funds, because it was the night before the hijackings, and such excessive cash was no longer needed. This says nothing of the influence U. S. culture had on Atta, a devout Muslim going to a strip club, one day before he â€Å"meets Allah†. There is no such thing as a ‘terrorist state’, in the absolute sense. Triandis, Bontempo, Villareal, Asai, and Lucca (1988) have shown that national cultures never equate to individual or subgroup cultures, so while a totalitarian governing body may indeed be a terrorist organization, the general populace can in no way be held accountable for the actions of a few. It is a stereotypical mistake to label an entire country as terrorist. It is important to realize that â€Å"both differences and similarities in behavior occur across and within cultures; psychological processes are characterized by both cultural variance and invariance† (Weiten, 2006, p24). Regrettably, â€Å"quite a few nations are culturally reasonably homogeneous† (Hofstede, 1998, p180), and this may mean that a few nations may be mostly extremist in their outlook. Discourses from the Bush administrations paralleled closely to speeches given by Hitler, Pope Urban II, and others: â€Å"an appeal to a legitimate power source external to the speaker; an appeal to the importance of the national culture under attack; the construction of an evil enemy; and an appeal for unification† (Graham, Keenan, ; Dowd, 2004, p. 213). Kellner (2004) feels that â€Å"the disparity between the vast amount of information freely available to all through multimedia sources, and the narrow vision presented on the major news media via television is a travesty†, and a major cultural factor responsible for the deployments of the Bush administrations’ controlled mass media (p. 61). While arguments that ‘freely available news sources from uncontrolled sources’ might suggest this no longer to be a cultural factor, culture by nature takes time to change, and most Americans probably place more credence in the evening news than the newer Internet sources (Kellner, 2003). Another example of how cross-cultural misunderstandings regularly occur between nations: â€Å"when one cultural message sender transmits information to another culture, chances of accurate transmission are reduced† (Alder ; Gunderson, 2008, p. 72), and when nations or organizations refuse to send information between cultures as both the Bush administration and the al-Qaeda organization currently do, virtually no chance of accurate transmission occurs. Stalemate results and wars go on, indefinitely; clear contributors to terrorism. Perhaps nowhere is the question of terrorism more complex than in the European Union: â€Å"European counterterrorism culture is a difficult concept due to the fact that the regional level of analysis encapsulates a range of different national cultures. Europe has always been a rich mixture of various cultures, and ‘terrorism’ is a culturally charged term† (Rees, 2007, p. 220), hence the difficulty in consensus. Conversely, in China, we could expect to find a unified definition of terrorism under the centralized government (Diamond, 1997). While China is suspect of â€Å"using the post-9/11 discourse of counterterrorism to cloak their own domestic priorities† (Rees, 2007, p. 224), most of their counterterrorism efforts are likely to gain support with the Chinese public as being in the accord of the countries best interest: China being a collectivistic nation. â€Å"Terrorists focus their recruitment where sentiments about perceived deprivation are deepest and most pervasive† (Borum, 2004). This helps us to understand why American involvement in Iraq actually helps create recruitment opportunities for al-Qaeda. Destroyed economies, infrastructure, and family support (via killed family members), create extreme deprivation, desperation to right cultural wrongs, and enrage cultural dictates for retribution (Borum, 2004). It even gives insight into where al-Qaeda might be concentrating recruitment efforts in America. For youth torn between two cultures in a foreign land, identity crisis may result from exposure to the foreign culture, and the chiasm between their parent’s cultures: â€Å"radicalism offers simple answers to the big questions they are grappling with† (Ongering, 2007, p. ). The human tendency to stereotype will easily adapt to simple answers rather than grapple with difficult questions (Weiten, 2004). Extrapolated, it may be easier to recruit a terrorist, than to prevent a person from taking up the cause in the first place. Does cultural pressure on a subgroup help to create violent extremists? Muslim communities in America, â€Å"Not only had their religion being p resented incorrectly, but its adherents were being equated with terrorists† (Baker, 2006, p. 302). Considering the degree that Muslim communities in the Western world are subject to intensified scrutiny, and even unwarranted acts of violence against them by US citizenry (Ward, 2008), a good assumption is that many young Muslims will adapt an extremist ideology in response to cultural threat (Sirin ; Fine, 2007), and some of those extremists will turn terrorist. It seems to be a never-ending spiral escalation of one cultural assault upon the other: the ‘Crusades’ continue†¦ It is a real ‘Which came first, the chicken or the egg? ’ question. Which side began this milieu of cultural attack and counterattack? Perceptions run the gamut: â€Å"The terrorist presents a story of heroism and necessary sacrifice. The counter-terrorist presents a counter-narrative of defiance and vengeance, replacing the image of the martyr with that of inhumanity, even bestiality† (Ward, 2008, p. 254). We reminded again of weaker cultures as ‘savage’, and as we have come to see, cross-culturally, nothing could be further from the truth from both extreme perspectives. Another cultural misunderstanding that may have helped to escalate tensions is the perception that the Muslim community in America did not stand up in unison and denounce the acts of 9/11 as atrocious. This initial silent response interpreted by many Americans as tantamount to condoning such acts of terrorism (Munro, 2006). Paradoxically, this lack of public outcry may have been the result of Muslim culture itself, with the majority of Muslims feeling that it was obvious that they had nothing to do with the attacks, and therefore no reason to take a public stand (Munro, 2006). A form of ‘vigilante counter-terrorism’ develops in American culture, which gives rise to anti-Muslim sentiment and acts of violence (Johnson, 2003). One probable contributing factor is termed: â€Å"Sudden Jihad Syndrome† (Pipes, 2006). The perpetrator, â€Å"for all outward appearances, a young Muslim man, well adjusted to Western society, considered friendly; one day, without warning, he acted out an independent Jihad, which injured nine students† (Pipes, 2006). Such unforeseeable and unpredictable behavior influences non-Muslims to stereotype many Muslims as having the same potential toward â€Å"Sudden Jihad Syndrome†. This of course creates an atmosphere of suspicion and mistrust between cultures: how can you tell who the enemy is just by looking at them? Discussion There is no cultural ‘quick fix’ to this pervasive problem confronting the modern world. â€Å"The general policy approach has to be adaptive, opportunistic, and multisided. The conventional problem-solving logic so attractive in American culture—find a problem and then fix it—is of limited utility, and a longer term, more contextualized approach is necessary† (Smelser et al. , 2002, p. 4). For instance, the Global War on Terror (GWOT) as espoused by the Bush Doctrine includes toppling ‘rogue nations’ as part of the effort to thwart terrorism (Borum, 2004). Focusing on ‘nation rebuilding’ of states, that are otherwise subject to deterrent, rather than on organizations that transcend geographic localities and are not subject to deterrent, is a lack of proper cultural understanding of the issues, and will lead to further cultural misunderstandings. It makes sense that if powerful cultures do not make accusations against weaker cultures not understood, or interfere in the sovereign rights of weaker nations, that a large amount of terrorism will fail to manifest by lack of unwanted cultural impetus from foreign powers. One of the biggest troubles seems to be, that powerful countries can arouse their masses which are â€Å"easily pressed into service to rally the nation, quell dissent and effectively inoculate the public against any alternative perspective† (Ivie, 2005, p. 56), the main point being to limit any alternative cultural perspectives as being legitimate relative to one’s own ‘superior’ cultural perspective. This is error. â€Å"An increasingly militarized culture of fear† (p. 9), such as is dominant in the US today, and which has been developing over many decades, cannot reduce the threat of terrorism in the world. Indeed, Muslim culture dictates that retribution be demanded when a family member is taken. Each errant US bomb inevitably creates more ‘terrorists’ (Borum, 2004), cultural ‘deviants’ are created that never would have existed otherwise. Rumors and hundreds of websites have sprung up claiming that FEMA has erected hundr eds of internment camps on American soil is a disturbing part of the changing culture in America today. A Google search of ‘American internment camps’ will pull up hundreds of unsubstantiated claims of such camps, including specific locations; further highlighting the cultural atmosphere of increasing paranoia. Finally, what can help prevent Muslim youth in the U. S. from taking a violent path? According to Sirin and Fine (2007)â€Å"Research that the successful integration of both one’s own culture and the dominant culture, leads to more positive developmental outcomes†¦whereas marginalization, that is disengagement from both cultures, is associated with mental health problems for immigrant youth† (p. 52). Society certainly would do well to address issues of marginalization, in order to help prevent future â€Å"Sudden Jihad Syndrome† (Pipes, 2006). Conclusion While this paper has focused mainly on US and Muslim extremist involvement, state and non-state respectively, it is important to remember that many other states and organizations exist whic h perpetrate terror. Terror is a two way street, with few exceptions. Perhaps the ultimate defense against terrorism is to understand the cultural and cross-cultural causes of it, and with proper knowledge, address the issues at hand. We must avoid stereotypes at all costs, because â€Å"Nearly all terrorists are extremists, but most extremists are not terrorists† (Borum, 2004). â€Å"Long-term orientation versus short-term orientation† (Franke, Hofstede, ; Bond, 1991) may provide insights into which culture holds greater strength in the GWOT. U. S. culture demands immediate results, and has little tolerance for long term strategies, while extremist Islamic culture is bond by the vision of Mohammed, and is prepared to sacrifice for centuries if need be (Borum, 2004). Fortunately, unnecessary warring between cultures may diminish substantially as one of the biggest single benefits of cross-cultural understanding and application of organizational psychological research (Brislan, 1983). â€Å"It is argued that we now live in an age of ‘hyperterrorism,’ where the nature and scale of terrorism has reached a new level, and that the question of ‘How to deal with international terrorism is quickly becoming the defining issue of our age’† (Ward, 2008, p. 248). It is imperative that we make every effort to understand the cross-cultural determinants of terrorism, regardless of cost. Additionally, â€Å"terrorism is a discourse that affects all our lives, and the collateral argument that terrorism somehow validates the occasional abrogation of so many of our most cherished legal principles, is something that should concern all of us† (p. 249). Hogan (2006) offers: â€Å"Due to the logistical and analytical challenges of cross-national comparisons, studies to date have concentrated largely on single nations† (p. 64). While much work remains, understanding the vast scope of cultural interdependencies that help create terrorism is an extremely complex task yet must be undertaken if we are to come to terms with global terrorism. As Hostede (1998) states, â€Å"constructs are products of the mind with which we attempt to understand and predict human behavior in an infinitely complex world†, and all constructs are flawed to some degree. In an infinitely complex world, we will never entirely eradicate terrorism in its many manifestations. Our best hope to eradicate the bulk of organized terrorism is through scientific understanding and conscientious application of rational solutions, freed from cultural bias. â€Å"Culture lies entirely on the â€Å"nurture† side of the ledger, as against â€Å"nature†, or truly nherited traits† (Munger, 2006, p. 134). Solutions to the specter of terrorism will manifest through understanding and responding to such cultural nurture. This paper has posited that understanding other cultures can help to reduce tensions between cultures, which give rise to terrorism and counterterrorism conflicts. As Munger (2006) points out, â€Å"a shared understanding of something that identifies insiders, and excludes outsiders because they do not share this understanding† (p. 133), is perhaps the fundamental commonality between conflicting sides. If we can short-circuit this exclusionary identity concept, by education and promulgate understanding by either, or both sides, and act upon it with responsible communication between parties, then perhaps modern terrorism as we know it will eventually end. It may take many years, because established terrorist organizations are not open to compromise (Smelser ; Mitchell, 2002), but such efforts may play a large part in helping to prevent future recruitment, and help eliminate the need for terrorist organizations within the cultures that originally spawned them; losing their luster they slowly fade from existence.

Essay examples --

George Teal Mrs. Brown Advanced 8th Language Arts 6 December 2013 Title There are three major examples of racial bigotry in our nations history: the treatment of African Americans, Japanese Americans, and Latin Americans. The constitution and bill of rights were expressly designed to benefit Caucasian males by owning slaves, but removing any rights that these slaves had. The population would be determined by "adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons," United States Bill of Rights. This effectively gave more power into the southern states, but limiting the rights of the slaves. After the the civil war this was changed in section two of the fourteenth amendment. Many of the freed slaves following the civil war also believed that they were entitled to the land they had worked their entire lives, or at least "forty acres and a mule" of property. This was never granted,but many freed slaves ended up buying and founding property afterwards. Despite all slaves being freed and gaining the rights of U.S. citizens, there was still bigotry long into the 20th century. This bigotry involved African American citizens not being allowed to fight in regular combat platoons in World War Two, and African Americans not being able to participate in the same schools, sports, and jobs as other Americans, and this continued until the civil rights movement in the 1960s. Racial bigotry is not confined to just bigotry against African Americans, but also against Japanese immigrants and German immigrants, for example in as early as the late 19th century, there were already many boycotts and protests for Japanese made goods. For exampl... ...d legitimately wanted to exterminate them, Hitler and the pre World War Two Nazi party used the jewish people as a scapegoat. By and large Germany believed it, and they did because Hitler capitalized on their hatred for for the allied nations and their resentment for their loss and economic ruin in World War One by claiming that the only reason they lost, was because of the jewish people. This was due to germany's mostly protestant religion, who at the time had a very high and mighty look on other religions, whilst the jewish germans often had influential places in banks and industry, making them all the more easier to blame. When the nazi power finally came to power in 1933, they began to deport Jewish germans to concentration camps and seize their properties, in what they called their  ¨final solution ¨. Even after the end of the war, the damage still lingered in  Essay examples -- George Teal Mrs. Brown Advanced 8th Language Arts 6 December 2013 Title There are three major examples of racial bigotry in our nations history: the treatment of African Americans, Japanese Americans, and Latin Americans. The constitution and bill of rights were expressly designed to benefit Caucasian males by owning slaves, but removing any rights that these slaves had. The population would be determined by "adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons," United States Bill of Rights. This effectively gave more power into the southern states, but limiting the rights of the slaves. After the the civil war this was changed in section two of the fourteenth amendment. Many of the freed slaves following the civil war also believed that they were entitled to the land they had worked their entire lives, or at least "forty acres and a mule" of property. This was never granted,but many freed slaves ended up buying and founding property afterwards. Despite all slaves being freed and gaining the rights of U.S. citizens, there was still bigotry long into the 20th century. This bigotry involved African American citizens not being allowed to fight in regular combat platoons in World War Two, and African Americans not being able to participate in the same schools, sports, and jobs as other Americans, and this continued until the civil rights movement in the 1960s. Racial bigotry is not confined to just bigotry against African Americans, but also against Japanese immigrants and German immigrants, for example in as early as the late 19th century, there were already many boycotts and protests for Japanese made goods. For exampl... ...d legitimately wanted to exterminate them, Hitler and the pre World War Two Nazi party used the jewish people as a scapegoat. By and large Germany believed it, and they did because Hitler capitalized on their hatred for for the allied nations and their resentment for their loss and economic ruin in World War One by claiming that the only reason they lost, was because of the jewish people. This was due to germany's mostly protestant religion, who at the time had a very high and mighty look on other religions, whilst the jewish germans often had influential places in banks and industry, making them all the more easier to blame. When the nazi power finally came to power in 1933, they began to deport Jewish germans to concentration camps and seize their properties, in what they called their  ¨final solution ¨. Even after the end of the war, the damage still lingered in